Vol. 7, Issue 1, Part A (2025)

Background: Male infertility, particularly azoospermia, is influenced by Y chromosome microdeletions, especially in the azoospermia factor (AZF) region, which is crucial for spermatogenesis. Immunological markers like IL-6 and IL-1β may also contribute. Despite high infertility rates in the Arab world, Iraqi cases remain understudied. This study explores Y chromosome microdeletions and their immunological correlations in Iraqi azoospermic patients.

Methodology: A prospective study was conducted across three Iraqi governorates (Baghdad, Anbar, and Babel) from December 2021 to June 2022. The study included 100 participants (50 azoospermic patients and 50 fertile controls). Semen and blood samples were collected and analyzed for Y chromosome microdeletions using hybridization PCR and immunological markers (IL-6 and IL-1β) using ELISA. Statistical analyses were performed to assess correlations and differences between groups.

Results: Among 33 azoospermic patients, AZFc microdeletions were most prevalent (82%), with a significant association (p≤0.01). AZFb and AZFa microdeletions were less common (15% and 3%, respectively). IL-1β levels were significantly higher in patients with microdeletions (p<0.001), while IL-6 showed no significant difference. Compared to 50 fertile controls, azoospermic patients had higher IL-1β levels (p<0.001) but no significant IL-6 variation. AZFc was the most affected region across all governorates. Urban residence was significantly associated with disease prevalence (p≤0.001). IL-6 levels showed no significant difference between patients and controls (P=0.991).

Conclusions: AZFc is the most prevalent Y-chromosome microdeletion in Iraqi azoospermic patients, particularly younger men, with elevated IL-1β suggesting an immunological role in infertility. No IL-6 correlation was found. Urban residency predominated, though rural patients had higher deletion rates. Findings support genetic and immunological screening for early diagnosis, with further research needed on underlying mechanisms and treatments.